Kaspersky Lab researchers have examined publicly available hardware and software tools for covert password interception and discovered that a powerful hacking tool can be created for as little as $20, and just a few hours of work by someone with basic programming knowledge. In an experiment they used a DIY Raspberry Pi-based USB device, configured in a specific way, and carrying no malicious software. Armed with this device, they were able to covertly collect user authentication data from a corporate network at a rate of 50 password hashes per hour.
The research started with a real story: in another investigation that Kaspersky Lab experts participated in, an insider (the employee of a cleaning company) used a USB stick to infect a workstation inside a targeted organisation with malware. Upon hearing the story, Kaspersky Lab security enthusiasts became curious about what else could be used by insiders to compromise a targeted network? And, would it be possible to compromise a network without any malware at all?
They took a Raspberry-Pi microcomputer, configured it as an Ethernet adapter, made some additional configuration changes in the OS running on the microcomputer, and installed a few publicly available tools for packet sniffing, data collection and processing. Finally, the researchers set up a server to collect intercepted data. After that, the device was connected to the targeted machine and started to automatically feed the server with stolen credential data.
The reason why this happened was that the OS on the attacked computer identified the connected Raspberry-Pi device as a wired LAN adapter, and automatically assigned it a higher priority than other available network connections and – more importantly – gave it access to data exchange in the network. The experimental network was a simulation of a segment of a real corporate network. As a result, researchers were able to collect authentication data sent by the attacked PC and its applications, as they tried to authenticate domain and remote servers. In addition, researchers were also able to collect this data from other computers in the network segment.
Moreover, as the specifics of the attack allowed for intercepted data to be sent through the network in real time, the longer the device was connected to the PC, the more data it was able to collect and transfer to a remote server. After just half an hour of the experiment researchers were able to collect nearly 30 password hashes, transferred through the attacked network, so it is easy to imagine how much data could be collected in just one day. In the worst-case scenario, the domain administrator’s authentication data could also be intercepted should they log into their account while the device is plugged-in into one of the PCs inside the domain.
The potential attack surface for this method of data interception is big: the experiment was successfully reproduced on both locked and unlocked computers running on Windows and Mac OS. However, researchers were not able to reproduce the attack on Linux-based devices.
“There are two major things that we are worried about as a result of this experiment: firstly – the fact that we didn’t really have to develop the software – we used tools freely available on the Internet. Secondly – we are worried about how easy it was to prepare the proof of concept for our hacking device. This means that potentially anyone, who is familiar with the Internet and has basic programming skills, could reproduce this experiment. And it is easy to predict what could happen if this was done with malicious intent. The latter is the main reason why we decided to draw public attention to this problem. Users and corporate administrators should be prepared for this type of attack”, said Sergey Lurye, a security enthusiast and co-author of the research at Kaspersky Lab.
Although the attack allows for the interception of password hashes (a cipher-alphabetic interpretation of a plain text password after it has been processed by a specific obfuscation algorithm), the hashes could be deciphered into passwords, since the algorithms are known or used in pass-the-hash attacks.
In order to protect your computer or network from attacks with help of similar DIY devices, Kaspersky Lab security experts recommend the following advice:
For regular users:
1. On returning to your computer, check if there are any extra USB devices sticking out of your ports.
2. Avoid accepting flash drives from untrusted sources. This drive could in fact be a password interceptor.
3. Make a habit of ending sessions on sites that require authentication. Usually, this means clicking on a ‘log out’ button.
4. Change passwords regularly – both on your PC and the websites you use frequently. Remember that not all of your favourite websites will use mechanisms to protect against cookie data substitution. You can use specialised password management software for the easy management of strong and secure passwords, such as the free Kaspersky Password Manager.
5. Enable two-factor authentication, for example, by requesting login confirmation or use of a hardware token.
6. Install and regularly update a security solution from a proven and trusted vendor.
For system administrators
1. If the network topology allows it, we suggest using solely Kerberos protocol for authenticating domain users.
2. Restrict privileged domain users from logging into the legacy systems, especially domain administrators.
3. Domain user passwords should be changed regularly. If, for whatever reason, the organisation’s policy does not involve regular password changes, be sure to change this policy.
4. All of the computers within a corporate network have to be protected with security solutions and regular updates should be ensured.
5. In order to prevent the connection of unauthorised USB devices, a device control feature, such as that available in the Kaspersky Endpoint Security for Business suite, can be useful.
6. If you own the web resource, we recommend activating the HSTS (HTTP strict transport security) which prevents switching from HTTPS to HTTP protocol and spoofing the credentials from a stolen cookie.
7. If possible, disable the listening mode and activate the client (AP) isolation setting in Wi-Fi routers and switches, disabling them from listening to other workstation traffic.
8. Activate the DHCP Snooping setting to protect corporate network users from capturing their DHCP requests by fake DHCP servers.
Besides intercepting the authentication data from a corporate network, the experimental device can be used for collecting cookies from browsers on the attacked machines.
